AS199610 - MARBIS - marbis GmbH, DE

Germany United States United Kingdom Australia Singapore Japan Brazil
AS Number
AS199610
AS Name
MARBIS
Org Name
marbis GmbH
Country
Germany
Registry

ripe

RegDate

N/A

Updated

2025-10-30T09:17:08Z

AS199610 Looking Glass
IPv4Prefixes

139

IPv6Prefixes

24

IPv4 NUMs

67,328

IPv6 NUMs(/64)

8,992,653,312

67,328 IPv4 Addresses
CIDR Description IP Num
5.62.64.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
5.62.66.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
5.62.67.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
5.62.68.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
5.62.70.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
5.62.71.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
5.62.96.0/20 MARBIS-DEFRA 4096
5.62.112.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
5.62.113.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
5.62.114.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
5.62.115.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
5.62.116.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
5.62.117.0/24 MARBIS-USMIA 256
5.62.118.0/24 MARBIS-BRSAO 256
5.62.119.0/24 MARBIS-SGSIN 256
5.62.120.0/24 MARBIS-JPTYO 256
5.62.121.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
5.62.122.0/24 MARBIS-AUSYD 256
5.62.123.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
5.62.124.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
5.62.126.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
5.62.127.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
5.83.164.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
5.83.167.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
5.83.168.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
5.83.172.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
5.83.174.0/23 MARBIS-USLAX 512
5.101.160.0/21 marbis GmbH 2048
31.214.128.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
31.214.130.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
31.214.134.0/23 MARBIS-USMIA 512
31.214.136.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
31.214.142.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
31.214.148.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
31.214.158.0/23 MARBIS-BRSAO 512
31.214.160.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
31.214.161.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
31.214.162.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
31.214.163.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
31.214.164.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
31.214.192.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
31.214.196.0/22 MARBIS-USNYC 1024
31.214.202.0/23 MARBIS-USNYC 512
31.214.204.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
31.214.208.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
31.214.216.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
31.214.218.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
31.214.219.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
31.214.220.0/23 MARBIS-USLAX 512
31.214.224.0/22 marbis GmbH 1024
31.214.232.0/21 marbis GmbH 2048
37.10.96.0/21 MARBIS-GBLON 2048
37.10.104.0/23 MARBIS-AUSYD 512
37.10.106.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
37.10.107.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
37.10.115.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
37.10.118.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
37.10.119.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
37.10.120.0/22 MARBIS-USDAL 1024
37.10.124.0/22 MARBIS-USLAX 1024
45.140.128.0/23 MARBIS-JPTYO 512
45.140.130.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
45.140.131.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
45.159.4.0/23 MARBIS-USNYC 512
45.159.6.0/24 US-LA-NITRADO 256
45.159.7.0/24 GB-NITRADO 256
46.251.228.0/24 MARBIS-ANYCAST 256
46.251.230.0/24 MARBIS-USMIA 256
46.251.231.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
46.251.232.0/23 MARBIS-SGSIN 512
46.251.234.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
46.251.235.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
46.251.236.0/24 MARBIS-BRSAO 256
46.251.238.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
46.251.240.0/21 MARBIS-DEFRA 2048
46.251.248.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
85.190.128.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
85.190.130.0/23 MARBIS-USDAL 512
85.190.132.0/23 MARBIS-AUSYD 512
85.190.134.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
85.190.136.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
85.190.137.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
85.190.138.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
85.190.140.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
85.190.144.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
85.190.145.0/24 MARBIS-USDAL 256
85.190.148.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
85.190.149.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
85.190.150.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
85.190.151.0/24 MARBIS-DEHAM 256
85.190.152.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
85.190.153.0/24 MARBIS-USMIA 256
85.190.154.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
85.190.156.0/23 MARBIS-USLAX 512
85.190.158.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
85.190.159.0/24 MARBIS-USMIA 256
85.190.160.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
85.190.164.0/22 MARBIS-USDAL 1024
85.190.168.0/22 MARBIS-DEFRA 1024
95.156.193.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
95.156.194.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
95.156.198.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
95.156.209.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
95.156.210.0/24 MARBIS-GBLON 256
95.156.211.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
95.156.213.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
95.156.220.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
95.156.224.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
95.156.238.0/24 MARBIS-USLAX 256
95.156.239.0/24 MARBIS-DEFRA 256
95.156.250.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
104.193.176.0/21 MCProHosting LLC 2048
109.230.197.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
109.230.208.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
109.230.214.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
109.230.240.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
109.230.243.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
109.230.248.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
128.0.112.0/23 MARBIS-SGSIN 512
128.0.114.0/23 MARBIS-AUSYD 512
134.255.198.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
134.255.208.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
134.255.212.0/23 MARBIS-DEFRA 512
134.255.214.0/24 MARBIS-USNYC 256
134.255.240.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
134.255.251.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
162.244.164.0/24 MCProHosting LLC 256
162.244.165.0/24 MCProHosting LLC 256
185.9.104.0/22 marbis GmbH 1024
194.169.211.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
195.82.158.0/23 marbis GmbH 512
217.114.192.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.193.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.194.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.195.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.196.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.197.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.198.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
217.114.199.0/24 marbis GmbH 256
CIDR Description IP NUMs(prefix /64)
2a03:4d40::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40::/32 MARBIS-UNICAST 4294967296
2a03:4d40:10::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:20::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:30::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:40::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:60::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:80::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:90::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d40:b0::/48 marbis GmbH 65536
2a03:4d41::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-FFM 16777216
2a03:4d41:100::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-UKLN 16777216
2a03:4d41:200::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-USLA 16777216
2a03:4d41:300::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-USMI 16777216
2a03:4d41:400::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-USNY 16777216
2a03:4d41:500::/40 MARBIS-ANYCAST-SG 16777216
2a03:4d41:600::/40 MARBIS-AUSTRALIA-SYDNEY 16777216
2a03:4d41:900::/40 MARBIS-OFFICE-KAE 16777216
2a03:4d42::/37 MARBIS-APNIC 134217728
2a03:4d42::/32 MARBIS-APNIC 4294967296
2a03:4d42:800::/37 MARBIS-APNIC 134217728
2a03:4d43:800::/37 MARBIS-RIPE 134217728
2a03:4d45:800::/37 MARBIS-LACNIC 134217728
2a03:4d47::/48 MARBIS-ANYCAST 65536
AS Description Country/Region IPv4 NUMs IPv6 NUMs IPv4 IPv6
AS56987 AS-ABACLOUDA - ABACLOUDA SAS, FR France 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS61573 IP TELECOM, BR Brazil 1,024 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS4637 ASN-TELSTRA-GLOBAL - Telstra International Limited, HK Hong Kong 769,280 21,474,836,480 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US United States 1,356,800 78,418,673,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS - Fiber Telecom S.p.A., IT Italy 7,168 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13030 INIT7 - Init7 (Switzerland) Ltd., CH Switzerland 113,152 107,395,481,600 IPv6 IPv6
AS5713 SAIX-NET - Telkom SA Ltd., ZA South Africa 2,187,264 17,596,481,077,248 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8220 COLT - COLT Technology Services Group Limited, GB United Kingdom 1,496,320 25,770,590,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47734 TELECOM-IT-SOLUTIONS-AS - Telecom IT Solutions SRL, RO Romania 256 65,536 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9930 TTNET-MY - TT DOTCOM SDN BHD, MY Malaysia 741,888 4,295,098,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS60539 Huicast_Telecom - Huicast Telecom Limited, HK Hong Kong 768 34,376,581,120 IPv4 IPv4
AS1299 TWELVE99 - Arelion Sweden AB, SE Sweden 395,008 77,326,843,904 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS2914 NTT-DATA-2914 - NTT America, Inc., US United States 7,220,224 30,065,098,752 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6939 HURRICANE - Hurricane Electric LLC, US United States 582,400 282,627,370,713,088 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9002 RETN-AS - RETN Limited, GB United Kingdom 38,400 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS29075 IELO - IELO-LIAZO SERVICES SAS, FR France 35,584 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35625 EUROFIBER-FRANCE - Eurofiber France SAS, FR France 29,184 103,095,992,320 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS39120 CONVERGENZE-AS - Convergenze S.p.A., IT Italy 43,520 17,179,869,184 IPv4 IPv4
AS34428 EIGHTROUTE - Giulio Lo Presti, IT Italy 512 68,719,476,736 IPv4 IPv4
AS37721 Virtual-Technologies-Solutions-SA - Virtual Technologies & Solutions, BF Burkina Faso 15,872 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4
AS49434 FBWNETWORKS - FBW NETWORKS SAS, FR France 5,888 94,489,280,512 IPv4 IPv4
AS6057 Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, UY Uruguay 2,156,032 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP - SG.GS, SG Singapore 20,992 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS34019 HIVANE - Hivane Association, FR France 2,816 1,245,184 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS6663 TTI-NET - Euroweb Romania S.R.L., RO Romania 52,480 6,442,450,944 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS30844 LIQUID-AS - Liquid Telecommunications Ltd, GB United Kingdom 367,872 38,654,705,664 IPv6 IPv6
AS12552 GlobalConnect-AS12552 - GlobalConnect AB, SE Sweden 562,176 214,749,282,304 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13058 serve-u-AS - serve-u - Buchholz und Suenderhauf GbR, DE Germany 2,048 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58511 ANYCAST-GLOBAL-BACKBONE - Anycast Holdings Pty Ltd, AU Australia 22,528 8,589,934,592 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3320 DTAG - Deutsche Telekom AG, DE Germany 34,315,264 35,343,322,841,088 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-PK - Pakistan Telecommuication company limited, PK Pakistan 3,852,916 4,295,032,832 IPv4 IPv4
AS37468 ANGOLA-CABLES - Angola Cables, AO Angola 9,472 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS5405 INTERDOTLINK - Inter.link GmbH, DE Germany 2,560 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8888 XTOM - xTom Pty Ltd, AU Australia 14,592 42,967,236,608 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS - euNetworks GmbH, DE Germany 570,368 107,374,182,400 IPv4 IPv4
AS14840 BR.Digital Provider, BR Brazil 70,912 14,010,220,544 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS53828 NITEL - NETWORK INNOVATIONS, LLC, US United States 132,096 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS174 COGENT-174 - Cogent Communications, LLC, US United States 35,905,536 185,692,585,984 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3303 SWISSCOM - Swisscom (Schweiz) AG, CH Switzerland 3,553,536 204,347,408,384 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS3356 LEVEL3 - Level 3 Parent, LLC, US United States 28,949,376 81,626,857,472 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS1764 NEXTLAYER-AS - Next Layer Telekommunikationsdienstleistungs- und Beratungs GmbH, AT Austria 86,016 240,518,430,720 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS2518 BIGLOBE - BIGLOBE Inc., JP Japan 3,670,016 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS137409 GSLNETWORKS-AS-AP - GSL Networks Pty LTD, AU Australia 100,608 77,403,652,096 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS9498 BBIL-AP - Bharti Airtel Limited, IN India 2,217,472 4,299,161,600 IPv6 IPv6
AS3786 LGDACOM - LG DACOM Corporation, KR Republic of Korea 8,692,736 12,784,369,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS51184 FONIRA - Fonira Telekom GmbH, AT Austria 13,824 111,669,149,696 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS209823 ENKI-AS - Enki Multimedia EURL, FR France 768 4,295,360,512 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS25091 IP-Max - IP-Max SA, CH Switzerland 15,104 68,719,607,808 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS32590 VALVE-CORPORATION - Valve Corporation, US United States 12,800 2,162,688 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS49605 DTS-AS - Digital Telecommunication Services S.r.l., IT Italy 9,216 38,654,705,664 IPv4 IPv4
AS35360 GARGUNET - Frederic Gargula, CH Switzerland 1,024 34,359,738,368 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47692 NESSUS - Nessus GmbH, AT Austria 37,120 34,359,869,440 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS7195 EDGEUNO S.A.S, CO Colombia 31,488 4,275,109,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS8218 NEO-ASN - Zayo Infrastructure France SA, FR France 47,360 12,884,967,424 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS20932 SIG-ST - Services Industriels de Geneve, CH Switzerland 9,472 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS15547 NETPLUS - netplus.ch SA, CH Switzerland 135,168 42,949,672,960 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS60602 INOVARE-AS - Inovare-Prim SRL, MD Moldova 3,328 4,294,967,296 IPv6 IPv6
AS49544 i3Dnet - i3D.net B.V, NL Netherlands 97,792 352,458,178,560 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS58952 FRONTIIRCOLTD-MM - Frontiir Co., Ltd, MM Myanmar 8,192 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS52320 GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S., CO Colombia 4,096 8,589,934,592 IPv6 IPv6
AS559 Switch, CH Switzerland 2,184,960 176,093,790,208 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS18106 VIEWQWEST-SG-AP - Viewqwest Pte Ltd, SG Singapore 53,248 13,153,337,344 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS47147 AS-ANX - Anexia Cloud Solutions GmbH, AT Austria 1,536 131,072 IPv4 IPv4
AS37100 SEACOM-AS - SEACOM Limited, MU Mauritius 1,072,896 12,884,901,888 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS57463 NetIX - NetIX Communications JSC, BG Bulgaria 256 0 IPv6 IPv6
AS12779 ITGATE - IT.Gate S.p.A., IT Italy 46,336 42,949,804,032 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS31510 IKB-AS - Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, AT Austria 27,904 4,294,967,296 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
AS35280 F5 - F5 Networks SARL, FR France 53,760 81,604,378,624 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 
as-block:       AS199178 - AS200350
descr:          RIPE NCC ASN block
remarks:        These AS Numbers are assigned to network operators in the RIPE NCC service region.
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
created:        2025-11-24T15:16:53Z
last-modified:  2025-11-24T15:16:53Z
source:         RIPE



aut-num:        AS199610
as-name:        MARBIS
org:            ORG-mG56-RIPE
import:         from AS1299 accept ANY
export:         to AS1299 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS174 accept ANY
export:         to AS174 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS3320 accept ANY
export:         to AS3320 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS7195 accept ANY
export:         to AS7195 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS5405 accept ANY
export:         to AS5405 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS3356 accept ANY
export:         to AS3356 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS2914 accept ANY
export:         to AS2914 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS4637 accept ANY
export:         to AS4637 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS3320 accept AS3320:AS-DTAG
export:         to AS3320 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS15169 accept AS-GOOGLE
export:         to AS15619 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
import:         from AS24940 accept AS-HETZNER
export:         to AS24940 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS1299 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS1299 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS174 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS174 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3320 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3320 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS7195 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS7195 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS5405 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS5405 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3356 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3356 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS2914 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS2914 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS4637 accept ANY
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS4637 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS3320 accept AS3320:AS-DTAG-V6
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS3320 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS15169 accept AS-GOOGLE
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS15619 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
mp-import:      afi ipv6.unicast from AS24940 accept AS-HETZNER
mp-export:      afi ipv6.unicast to AS24940 announce AS199610:AS-MARBIS
admin-c:        MND34-RIPE
tech-c:         MND34-RIPE
status:         ASSIGNED
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-END-MNT
mnt-by:         MNT-MARBIS
created:        2012-11-08T09:55:27Z
last-modified:  2025-10-30T09:17:08Z
source:         RIPE

organisation:   ORG-mG56-RIPE
org-name:       marbis GmbH
country:        DE
org-type:       LIR
address:        Griesbachstr. 10
address:        76185
address:        Karlsruhe
address:        GERMANY
phone:          +4972183027644
e-mail:         netops@nitrado.net
mnt-ref:        RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         RIPE-NCC-HM-MNT
mnt-by:         MNT-MARBIS
mnt-ref:        MNT-MARBIS
abuse-c:        AD11057-RIPE
created:        2012-11-07T09:42:38Z
last-modified:  2023-04-05T05:38:28Z
source:         RIPE
admin-c:        MND34-RIPE

role:           Marbis NETOPS Department
address:        Griesbachstr. 10
address:        76185
address:        Karlsruhe
address:        GERMANY
e-mail:         netops@nitrado.net
nic-hdl:        MND34-RIPE
mnt-by:         MNT-MARBIS
created:        2023-04-04T08:25:44Z
last-modified:  2023-04-27T09:47:33Z
source:         RIPE